STAGES, TREATMENT AND PREVENTIONS OF CERVICAL CANCER

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STAGES OF CERVICAL CANCER.

Staging for carcinoma of cervix involves clinical features, surgical and pathological evaluation. Tests that examine the cervix are used to detect (find) and diagnose cervical cancer. The following stages are used for cervical cancer:
  • Carcinoma in Situ (Stage 0)
  • Stage I
  • Stage II
  • Stage III
  • Stage IV

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Stages of Carcinoma of Cervix

Carcinoma in Situ (Stage 0)

In carcinoma in situ (stage 0), abnormal cells are found in the innermost lining of the cervix. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue.

Stage I

In stage I cancer is strictly confirmed to the cervix. Stage I is divided into stages IA and IB, based on the amount of cancer that is found.

  •         Stage IA:
  • A very small amount of cancer that can only be seen with a microscope is found in the tissues of the cervix. Stage IA is divided into stages IA1 and IA2, based on the size of the tumor.

    • In stage IA1: 
    • the cancer is not more than 3 mm deep and not more than 7 mm wide.

    • In stage IA2: 
    • the cancer is more than 3 but not more than 5 millimeters deep, and not more than 7 millimeters wide.

  • Stage IB:
  • Stage IB Macro invasive carcinoma confirmed to the cervix, divided into stages IB1 and IB2, based on the size of the tumor.


    • In stage IB1:
    • the cancer can only be seen with a microscope and is more than 5 mm deep and more than 7 millimeters wide; or the cancer can be seen without a microscope and is not more than 4 cm.

    • In stage IB2:
    • the cancer can be seen without a microscope and is more than 4 centimeters.

Stage II

In stage II, cancer has spread beyond the womb but not onto the pelvic wall (the tissues that line the part of the body between the hips) or to the lower third of the vagina. Stage II is divided into stages IIA and IIB, based on how far the cancer has spread.

  • Stage IIA:
  • Cancer has spread beyond the cervix to the upper two thirds of the vagina but not to tissues around the uterus. Stage IIA is divided into stages IIA1 and IIA2, based on the size of the tumor.

    • In stage IIA1; the tumor can be seen without a microscope and is not more than 4 cm.

    • In stage IIA2; the tumor can be seen without a microscope and is more than 4 centimeters.

  • Stage IIB: 
  • Cancer has spread beyond the cervix to the tissues around the uterus but not onto the pelvic wall.

Stage III

In stage III, cancer has spread to the lower third of the vagina, and/or onto the pelvic wall, and/or has caused kidney problems. Stage III is divided into stages IIIA and IIIB, based on how far the cancer has spread.

  • Stage IIIA: Cancer has spread to the lower third of the vagina but not onto the pelvic wall.

  • Stage IIIB: Cancer has spread onto the pelvic wall; or the tumor has become large enough to block one or both ureters (tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder) and has caused one or both kidneys to get bigger or stop working.


Stage IV

Cancer has spread beyond the pelvis, or can be seen in the lining of the bladder and/or rectum, or has spread to other parts of the body. Stage IV is divided into stages IVA and IVB, based on where the cancer has spread.
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Cervical cancer spreading in Uterus

  • Stage IVA: Cancer has spread to nearby organs, such as the bladder or rectum.
  • Stage IVB: Cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as the liver, lungs, bones, or distant lymph nodes.

INVESTIGATION PROCEDURES (TEST) FOR CERVICAL CANCER.

  • Tissue biopsy for histology is confirmatory test for cervical cancer.
  • Pap test involve collection of cells from cervix and vagina using swab.
  • Human papillomavirus (HPV) test
  • Colposcopy
  • Colonoscopy
Other investigation to examine the extent and complications of the disease:
  • Hemoglobin level 
  • Abdominal ultrasound
  • Chest X-ray

 TREATMENT OF CARCINOMA OF THE CERVIX

There are different types of treatment for patients with cervical cancer. Four types of standard treatment are used:
    1. Surgery
    2. Radiation therapy
    3. Chemotherapy
    4. Targeted therapy
          New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials. Treatment for cervical cancer may cause side effects. Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Patients can enter clinical trials before, during, or after starting their cancer treatment.

          HOW TO PREVENT CERVICAL CANCER

          Cervical cancer is among of preventable type of cancer, early detection/screening and treatment of precancerous parameters are among of ways of avoiding cervical cancer. The following are preventive measures of carcinoma of cervix:
          • Use condoms to avoid Human pappilomavirus infections
          • Regular screening for cervical cancer
          • Vaccination for Human pappilomavirus
          • Limit number of sexual partners
          • Do not smoke
          • Avoid sexual activities at young age
          • Early management of chronic illness and infections

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